Cisco 3410DVB Manuale Utente

Programmable Solutionsin Digital ModemsBringing Broadband Access to the Home

Satellite Modem Overview• Use the same transponders used to deliver TV• Standards– DSS: Hughes Network Systems (HNS) proprietary– DVB (ETS 300-421): O

* - Dataquest, ** - Yankee Group, *** - Forrester ResearchThe Push for Home Networking• Rapid growth in multiple-PC household penetration– PC penetrat

History Repeats Itself Again...• Television– There was a time when one television set per home was considered a luxury– Today 76% of US households hav

Source: Cahners In-Stat GroupWorldwide Home Network & Residential Gateway Forecast

Residential GatewayThe Key Ingredient For Home Networking• RGs provide integration of different broadband access types & different home networking

Four Aspects to Home Networking

Market Requirements and Solutions AvailableBroadbandAccessBroadbandAccessResidentialGatewayResidentialGatewayHomeNe tworkingTe chnologiesHomeNe tworki

RGs - An Integral Part of Broadband Access & Home NetworkingSource: Cahners In-StatWide Are a NetworkATMSONETWDMIP SwitchingBroadbandAccess Netwo

Broadband Based or Digital Modems RGs• Broadband termination device that has incorporated the necessary routing functions within one device• ADSL or c

Broadband Centric orDigital Modems RGs• Built to support one specific home networking technology – HomePNA, Ethernet, USB or wireless– Future technolo

RG - An Incremental DeploymentFrom Digital Modems to Residential Gateway

Data BroadcastingSatellite Oper atorPSTNHome UserDownloadUploadWorld Wide Web

Home Networking is Here!

First Generation RGs• Not IP based devices & have low bandwidth• Types– Digital set-top box RGs• Broadcast TV into the home– Utility-centric RGs•

Second Generation RGs• Devices that bridge one WAN pipe to one LAN connection• Configurations include– Digital modems connected to a PC – Or, stand al

Second Generation RGs• PC-based architecture RG– Example: Ericsson’s E-Box• Set-top box RG– Has the necessary home routing functionality– Example: Nex

Third Generation• Multi-service home gateways• Have capabilities to terminate – Multiple types of WAN connections (wireless, DSL, cable)– Multiple LAN

Third Generation• These devices do not exist today but will evolve based on products available today• Features– Modular in design– Multiple WAN termin

Possibilities Within The Gateway• Different combinations are available to suit different particular home networking needs– Depends on broadband access

Xilinx Envisioned Gateway Model• Single “small” box• Enable high-speed, two-way Internet, voice & video communication– Distribution of broadband s

Viterbi DecoderTunerInterfaceFlashSystemInterconnectivityCPUADCRAMDataQuadrature Data from TunerClock GeneratorQ - Channel InputI - Channel InputQPSK/

DRAMPCMCIA InterfaceFLASH Adapter/ SDRAM InterfaceFLASH MemoryUARTRS-XXXInterfaceISDN “ U” or “ S”InterfaceI/O ControlCPUHomePNA MACHomePNA PHYISDN Mo

SatelliteInterfaceHostInterfaceSystemGlueCPUFlash RAMSystem Block Diagram• Key functional blocks– Satellite interface– CPU complex– Host interface– Ap

DecryptionConditional AccessFlashCableMAC/S AR8-/16-/32-bitMicrocontrollerFECMe mory4 voice channels or 1 video & 1 voice chan ne lTunerSAWAnalog

Smart CardADSL Central Office HomePOTS SplitterTelephoneADSL Modem CPEPCSet-top box, hard disk & TVDSLAMInternet ProxyIP Router & ATM Sw itc h

UTOPIAor ISAPCIUTOPIA I/F or ATMEx pansion Bus InterfaceDRAM Controller8 KB Internal SRAMPCI Bus Interface32-bit Proc ess or8 MHz OscillatorClock Gene

Digital Signal Processor MemoryLine Driver, Receiver & AmplifiersHDLC FramerTo line & POTS splitterA-to-D & D-to-A Converters, Filters, Am

Summary• Spartan-II FPGAs are ideal solutions for digital modems• Digital modems will evolve into the next generation residential gateways to network

ExtraV.90/56K Modems - Analog PhonelinesBroadband Access in Hotel Rooms

V.90 Modem - Analog Phonelines• Modem designed to operate with dial-up telephone lines worldwide– Supports high-speed analog data, high speed fax &

V.90 Modem - Analog Phonelines• Data speeds up to 56Kbps from a digitally connected central site modem - V.90 enabled– Taking advantage of the PSTN wh

AnalogPhoneModem AFE (Analog Front End )DSP CPUDAA (Data Access Arrangement)RAMRS-232,Ethernet, USB, PC I, PCMC IA, etc.ROMBus InterfaceAnalog Modems

Broadband Access in Hotel Rooms• Business travelers are driving the demand for broadband in hotels– They are frustrated by slow dial-up Internet conne

Satellite Interface Components• Tuner– RF components packaged in shielded module• Decoder– Single ASSP– Processor interface• Eight bit microprocessor

Broadband Access in Hotel Rooms• Fees for hotel room broadband service will vary – Some chains will use a per night charge– Others will charge by the

Broadband Access in Hotel Rooms• A recent study by Cahners In-Stat found that:– 48% of hotels plan to deploy broadband in the next 12 months • 73% of

Residential GatewayThe Key Ingredient For Home Networking• RGs provide integration of different broadband access types & different home networking

Satellite Modem Block DiagramSatellite InterfaceFlashCPURAMQuadrature Data from TunerRF InMPEG A/VVideo EncoderVIDEOEthernet / USBSystem Interconnecti

FLASH/SDRAMControllerFLASHRS-232CPURAMEthernetU Interfac e TransceiverAnalog PhoneISDN LineSerial TDM BusASSPs provided by Motorola, Infineon, Nationa

Cable Modem - Block DiagramInterface & Memory ControllerCPU & LAN ControllerTunerDOCSISTransceiverRAMFlashDOCSISMACUSBHPNA 2.0Connects directl

HDLCControllers$16 $16 -- $50$50SystemController$8 $8 -- $15$15PCI BackplaneInterfaceDSLChannelsSSTL-2/3 TranslatorsGTL/GTL+ TransceiversPLLs/ Clock M

HDLCControllersDSLChannelsSSTL-2/3 TranslatorsGTL/GTL+ TransceiversPLLs/ Clock ManagementMemorySystemControllerHigh Performance BackplaneHot Swap Cont

DecryptionConditional AccessFlashCableMAC/S ARFECMe mory4 voice channels or 1 video & 1 voice chan ne lTunerSAWAnalog IF/AGCADCQAMDemodulatorFECDe

UTOPIAor ISAPCIUTOPIA I/F or ATMEx pansion Bus InterfaceDRAM Controller8 KB Internal SRAMPCI Bus Interface32-bit Proc ess or8 MHz OscillatorClock Gene

Satellite Interface ASSP Providers• Market is dominated by Conexant Systems and Broadcom Corporation• Both are single chip solutions– Demodulator– Fo

Host Interfaces• Popular interfaces for satellite modems– USB for external modem– PCI for add-in card• USB– Comes with all new PCs– Customer does not

Satellite Modem Design• HNS DirecPC®-USB receiver• The challenge– Add USB interface to satellite modem architecture– Leverage ASIC technology develope

1998 1999 2000 2001$10$10System Gates30KSpartan-XL40KSpartan-III250KSpartan-II100KFIFOsFIFOsPALsPALsH

Satellite Modem Block DiagramODUTunerLNBControllerLSIDemod-ulatorUSBCableFIFONET2800USBController* HNS Proprietary ASICSRAM64K x 32BootPROMXC2S30HNSA

Spartan-II Device Functions• Processor interface– Control registers, watchdog timer• Data buffer between HNS ASIC & demodulator• 32-bit CRC check

Agenda• Technology overview– Motivation for digital modems• Digital modem technologies– Spartan-II FPGAs in satellite modems– Spartan-II FPGAs in ISDN

Viterbi DecoderTunerInterfaceFlashSystemInterconnectivityCPUADCRAMDataQuadrature Data from TunerClock GeneratorQ - Channel InputI - Channel InputQPSK/

ISDN Modems

ISDN OverviewBRI - B asi c Rate ISDN2 Bearer Ch ann els @ 64kb ps1 Data Channel @ 16kb psPRI - Primary Rate ISDN23 or 30 B earer Ch annels @ 64kb ps1

Understanding ISDN EquipmentTerminal Equipm ent (TE1) - ISDN r eadyTerminal Equipment (TE2) - Non ISDNTerminal Adapter (TA) - Analog to ISDNNetwork T

ISDN Integrated Digital Services Network• High-speed, fully digital telephone service– Upgrades today's analog telephone network to a digital sys

ISDN• The Original Digital Service– Technology was defined in the mid-80s• Uses circuit switched technology to support– D (Delta) channels are used fo

Two Major Variants• BRI (Basic Rate Interface)– Targeted at home and small business users– Provides 2 B channels over a single twisted pair• PRI (Prim

ISDN Model

Functional Groupings• TE2 (Terminal Equipment 2)– Non-ISDN equipment such as personal computers• TA (Terminal Adapter)– Interfaces non-ISDN equipment

Reference Points• R (Rate) Reference Point– Non-ISDN interface between non-ISDN user equipment and terminal adapter• S (System) Reference Point– Inter

• High speed connection to the Internet – Greater than 128Kbps – Always on!– Simultaneous up-Link and down-link communication– Overcomes Internet frus

U Reference Point• Connects subscriber to Central Office (CO)• Point to point connection with a 5.5 km maximum distance• 2 wire interface• 2B1Q line c

S/T Interface• Interconnects customer premises equipment (CPE)• Bus topology • 4 wire interface• 1 km maximum distance• Alternate Space Inversion (ASI

Proprietary TDM interfaces• Used to connect ISDN devices inside equipment• 4 to 7 wire interfaces– Clock– Data In– Data Out– Start of frame indicator•

ISDN In the Real World

External ISDN Modem• Includes processor for protocol processing• Optional POTS interface• System glue– Interface glue for ASSPs– ISDN TA functions

Internal ISDN Modem• Uses host for protocol processing• Voice features use host’s sound card• System glue– Host bus interface– ISDN TA functions

Always On ISDN• Provides continuous Internet connectivity• Forwards IP traffic over the D channel– 16 kbps bandwidth– X.25 encapsulation• Requires sup

IDSL• IDSL = ISDN Digital Subscriber Loop• Developed by Ascend• Uses ISDN transport– 2B+D - 144 kbps– Static connections, no signaling• Does not suppo

ASSP ProvidersSupplier Device FunctionMotorola MC145572 U-Interface TransceiverMC145574 S/T-Interface Trans ceiverMC145575 Passive ISDN Terminal Adapt

Design Example: ISDN PCMCIA Modem• Design objectives– Lowest possible total product cost• Target < $30 for complete solution– Fastest time-to-marke

Digital Modem Growth Drivers• Internet users are demanding more Bandwidth– Home networking• Internet services such as voice, video & data– Streami

ISDN PCMCIA Modem• PCMCIA - standard PC laptop interface– Implemented using IP core• Requires system glue– Motorola MC145572 U transceiver to PCMCIA

ISDN PCMCIA FPGAHDLC InHDLC OutMUXIDLMux/DeMuxFSRFSXDCLDOUTDINB Ch 1B Ch 2D ChDATA[7:0]ADDR[12:0]WEOEECSSCSMemoryController/BufferManagerPCMCIAInterfa

ISDN PCMCIA FPGA Block Diagram

Spartan FunctionalityASSP Manufacturer / Part Number Spartan System Glue - Functions ISDN U–Interface Transceiver Motorola MC145572 Handshaking ASSP

Xilinx - The Super Glue of System LogicISDN InterfacesTerminal AdapterTerminal EquipmentWithout XilinxWith XilinxHost ASSPsRS - 232EthernetUSBFireWir

ISDN Summary• Perfect match for use in ISDN modems– Faster Time-To-Market with programmable logic– Easily integrates system logic functions• Interface

Cable Modems

Cable Modem Overview

Cable• Internet access on the same cable that delivers regular CABLE (CABLE is short for cable TV (CATV) network)• Offered by cable companies• Subscri

Cable Modems• Device that allows high-speed data access from a PC to the Internet via a cable TV (CATV) network• Modem in the true sense of the word –

Digital Modem Growth Drivers• Analog modems have hit the wall at 56 Kbps• Digital modems offer vastly greater bandwidth– Satellite: 400 Kbps to 38 Mbp

Cable Modems• They typically have two connections– One to the cable wall outlet and the other to a PC• Online access via cable modems provides PC user

Cable Modem - Market Drivers• Increasing popularity of the Internet• Increasing demand for high speed access to Internet• Rapid entrance of AT&T i

Cable Modem - Market Drivers• Cable already passes by the majority of all households• Cable modems were the first to market and have the largest custo

Cable Modem - Market Restraints• Limited availability of cable modem services to residential customers• Speed decrease due to shared nature of cable m

Cable Modem - Market Restraints• Limited availability of cable modem services to businesses• Concerns over data security• Limited choices of Internet

What is a Cable Modem?• CABLE - short for cable TV (CATV) network• MODEM - MOdulator-DEModulator• Cable modem– Client device for providing 2 way commu

How Do Cable Modems Work?• Connect the Cable Modem to the TV outlet for your cable TV• The cable TV operator connects a Cable Modem Termination System

Cable Modem at the Subscriber LocationData and Control LogicMACOne-to-Two SplitterRF TunerQAM ModulatorQPSK/QAM ModulatorSet-Top BoxPCPCPCCable M odem

CPU & LAN ControllerTunerDOCSISTransceiverLPFRAM FlashSRAMPGASAWDOCSISMAC10/ 100EthernetUSBHPNA 2.0DOCSIS Cable Modem• DOCSIS - Data Over Cable S

OSI Layer Stack-up for DOCSIS Cable ModemOSIHigher LayersApplicationsTransport Layer TCP/UDPNetwork Layer IPData Link LayerUpstream DownstreamTDMA (mi

Frustrated Maybe ….Average Download TimesConnectionSpeedWeb Page (30KBytes)3 minute Music File(3MBytes)30 second Video/Movie(50 MBytes)28.8 kbps 9 se

Inside a Cable Modem• Tuner– Connects directly to the CATV outlet– Converts TV channel to a fixed lower frequency (6-40 MHz) • Normally a tuner with b

Inside a Cable Modem• Demodulator– Performs analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion, demodulation (QAM-64/256), Reed Solomon error correction and MPEG fram

Inside a Cable Modem• Burst modulator– Performs Reed Solomon encoding, modulation (QPSK/16-QAM), frequency conversion, digital-to-analog conversion •

Inside a Cable Modem• MAC (Media Access Control) sub-layer in the network stack (runs on both the cable modem and head-end)– Extracts data from MPEG f

Inside a Cable Modem• Interface– Data passes through the MAC and goes into the computer interface of the cable modem– PCI bus, USB, Ethernet, HomePNA•

QAM & QPSK• QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation– A method of modulating digital signals using both amplitude and phase coding• QPSK - Quadrature

Downstream Data Channel in Cable Modem Physical Layer• Downstream– The signal received by the cable modem from the CMTS• Modulation– 64 QAM and 256 QA

Downstream Data Channel in Cable Modem Physical Layer• Data rates– 27-56 Mbps • Continuous stream of data with no implied framing, provides complete P

Upstream Data Channel in Cable Modem Physical Layer• Upstream– Data flowing from the cable modem to the CMTS– It is always in bursts– Many modems can

Upstream Data Channel in Cable Modem Physical Layer• Data rates – 320 kbps to 10 Mbps• Transmit bursts of data in time slots (TDM)– Slots may be marke

02000400060008000100001200014000160001995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001YearK UnitsCableDSLISDN Source: Dataquest CAGR 39.2%High Volume!14 Million Unit

Standards & Technologies -Many Different• 1st generation - proprietary systems• MCNS - Multimedia Cable Network System– Limited partnership by for

Summary• Cable modems provide high-speed Internet access• Always-on connection• Cable data networks provide privacy, security, data networking, Intern

xDSL Modems

DSL OverviewSplitter(Voice & Data)A - Rack of ADSL Line CardsB - Voice routed over PSTNC - Multiplexed Internet access1.0GpsxDSL Modem(Internal or

ADSL Equipment• ADSL - employs existing Telco wiring• Digital Subscriber Local Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) located in CO• DSL employs adaptive digital

DSL Market Trends• Typical telephone call lasts 3 minutes– Internet traffic lasts 3+ hours with no increased revenue• Increased traffic requires incre

DSL Market Trends• Minimizing cost structures imperative to offering price competitive solutions• Lowering DSLAM cost has greatest impact on total cos

DSL TechnologiesDSL TypeDSL TypeADSL (Asymmetrical)ADSL (Asymmetrical)ADSL G.liteADSL G.liteHDSL ( High Bit Rat e )HDSL ( High Bit Rat e )HDSL (

DSLChannelsPCISSTL-2/3 TranslatorsGTL/GTL+ TransceiversHot Swap ControllersPLLs/ Clock ManagementDSL Driver /Receiver Chip(s)MemoryHDLCControllerProce

DLLCL IOBIOBIOBIOBIOBIOBIOBIOBDLLDLL DLLCLCLCL. . .. . .. . .. . .CLB CLBCLB CLBRAMRAMRAMRAMI/O Routing RingI/O Routing RingTrue Dual-PortTM4K bit RAM

Impact on the Internet Household• Facilitation of work at home– Similar high-speed access as work • Potential to leverage voice– PBX service to the wo

Delay Locked Loops Lower Memory and Board CostsSpartan-II Clock Management

1998 1999 2000200 MHz Memory Continuum - Transparent BandwidthDSP Coeffic ientsSmall FIFOs16x1Distribute

Spartan-IITrue Dual-PortBlock RAMPort APort BWRWRWRRWData Flow Spartan-IIA to B YesB to A YesA to A YesB to B

• Collaboration between Xilinx and major memory vendors to providecomprehensive web-based memory solutions• Free reference designs (VHDL/Verilog)• SRA

Spartan-II - System Integration

DSLChannelsPCISSTL-2/3 TranslatorsGTL/GTL+ TransceiversPLLs/ Clock ManagementMemorySystemControllerHigh Performance BackplaneDS3134CN8478Bt8471/2PSB21

DSLChannelsSSTL-2/3 TranslatorsGTL/GTL+ TransceiversMemoryHigh Performance BackplanePLLs/ Clock ManagementXC2S100XC2S100$9.95$9.95PCIXC2S100XC2S100$9.

Spartan-II IP Solutions for HDLC Controllers• Spartan-II + HDLC Controller IP = Programmable HDLC Controller Solution• AllianceCORE partners– Memec De

Spartan-II IP Solutions for HDLC ControllersAllianceCORE Partners Memec Design Services CoreEl MicrosystemsProducts/Cores Single Channel XF-HDLC Contr

Memec Design ServicesSingle-Channel XF-HDLC Controller Block Diagram

Satellite Modems

CoreEL MicroSystemsCC318f HDLC Controller (Transmitter) Block Diagram

CoreEL MicroSystemsCC318f HDLC Controller (Receiver) Block Diagram

The Spartan-II Competitive Advantage: Data Rate/Throughput• HDLC controller solution data throughput– Spartan-II• 53Mbps– Typical HDLC controller ASSP

The Spartan-II Competitive Advantage: 100k Unit Cost• Typical HDLC controller ASSP– ~$4.56 (1 channel)– ~$60 - $120 (multi channel)• Spartan-II HDLC c

0.510.1External PLD7K GatesExternal DLLs, memories, Controllers and translatorsStandard ChipRelative Component CostPCI ASSPPCI Master and Slave I/FXC2

Spartan-II + Soft IP = Programmable ASSPProgrammable ASSP - Value• Time to market• Flexibility• Field upgradability• Address lower volume strategic ap

Conclusions on Digital Modems• Demand for greater Internet bandwidth is driving the need for digital modem solutions– Satellite, ISDN, cable, xDSL• Fi

The Digital Modem Evolves Into The Residential GatewaysHome Networking using a Digital Modem

New Dimensions to Home Internet Access• Internet revolution – New ways to communicate, entertain & educate– Millions of users rushing to Gain Int

Convergence Is Happening!• Invisible computing embedded within everyday devices– Increasing intelligence of everyday appliances• Digital revolution– I